This pattern indicates a more “male” hand. The smaller the index (2 nd) finger compared to the ring (4 th) finger – resulting in a smaller ratio – the higher the relative proportion of prenatal testosterone relative to prenatal estradiol. As mentioned above, it is often used as an indirect measure of prenatal testosterone concentration ( Hönekopp and Watson, 2011 Manning and Fink, 2011). It is a sex dimorphic trait, with males tending to have smaller ratios than females. The 2D:4D-Ratio describes the relative length of the index (2 nd) finger to the ring (4 th) finger. The aim of the present study was to revisit an often investigated biomarker in traits linked to sexual dimorphisms, namely the 2D:4D-Ratio, which has been widely identified as an indirect marker of prenatal testosterone levels. In other words, there is substantial variability in personality traits both between and within sexes. But not all men are aggressive and not all women are anxious individuals across both sexes simply vary on these dimensional traits, and will display both characteristically male and female behaviors, given a specific situation and their trait level. Personality traits are often considered stereotypically male, for example aggressive behavior or sensation seeking, and stereotypically female, for example anxiety and Neuroticism ( Buss and Perry, 1992 Feingold, 1994 Weisberg et al., 2011). This finding potentially has implications for mental health, as Neuroticism has been shown to be a risk factor for various forms of psychopathology. Thus, prenatal exposure to sex steroids appears to influence the personality factor Neuroticism in females specifically. There were no significant correlations found in any of the male samples. But in contrast to the results for the whole and the German female sample, where 2D:4D-Ratio of both hands were related to Neuroticism, in the Chinese female sample only left hand 2D:4D-Ratio was significantly and positively related to Neuroticism. These findings were observed in both female subsamples from China and Germany, as well as in the full sample of participants. With respect to links between personality and the digit ratio, a positive association was observed between 2D:4D-Ratio and Neuroticism in females, as shown in the earlier study. Significant sex differences were found for ratios of both hands in the expected direction, with females showing higher ratios than males. Moreover, all participants filled in the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Every participant provided hand scans of both hands, from which 2D:4D-Ratios were computed. Therefore a sample of n = 78 Chinese and n = 370 German participants was recruited. (2004) about the relation between individual differences in 2D:4D-Ratios and the Five Factor Model in different cultural groups. It was the aim of the present study to replicate the findings from Fink et al. The 2D:4D-Ratio, as an indirect measure of the fetal testosterone to estradiol ratio, is potentially very important for understanding and explaining different personality traits.
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